2.
   2022
/  
 : -
(  )
: 3     :50
:    -    ,        
             
-
      '          
              
II 
       ?      
?
-
IIL '       '      
        
IV.            '  
-
2.
V.        ? '     '  
  
..      '  
-
VIL   '  :
()     
()   
.            ?
2.
   2022
/  
 : -
(  )
: 3     :50
:    -    ,        
             
-
      '          
              
:    ,    
 
      ,  
 ,    
 ,               
               8
 12
           -,   
         
    ,        , ,  
                
 ,          
 -  ,
                 '
   '     '         
   '  -,        
    
2.
            ,    , 
          :
1.    
         '   :
  
   
        
 ,     ,  :
 
 
      
 
   
      
 ,    -   
     
2.    

        '   ,   
    
     ,    :





                 
        ,    
3.  
        ,      ' 
 
    '  :


2.
       
       '  
4.     
               
 , - -      ,   
           
5.    

      -   ,    
             
  -      -     
         
    
       '  ,        
          :
1.     
    
 :
  
 
     ( )
           ,     
2. 
2.
                 
             '  
 :



       
  '  
3.  

        ,         :
  
  
 
      ,      ,   
   
4. - 
       
   -  
    '     :
 
 
  
             
   
   ,         
    
    '    -      :
1.  ()
        ,     
2.
 ,             
 
2.  ()
              
-  
3.  /  (  )
         -
4.   (     )
       -     , 
       
   - 
,      '   :

        
   
             
:
              
  
     
        -     
  
     ,     ,    ',    
       -   
    
       

        
;     
          ,  ,  
  
     ,  ,     
     
  ,       
, 
                 

 
2.
II 
       ?      
?
:🎨   :   
🌟-
      ,   -    -  
   ,             
     ,         , 
          
 
👉  :           
   ,       
      
 
🌟 
12
 16
   -
  '       
           
 
       ,     

👉    
 -    ,    
     
🌟        |
1.  
  '   -
  ( )     
         ' 
2.    
    ,  
,      
  -     ,    
👉          
2.
3.    
 : , ,   
        ,      
           
👉   -  ,     
4.  
       
     ,    
      
👉        '  
5.  
   ,       
       
, ,        
👉               

6. - 
        -   
     ,    
  ,    ,       

7.   
     
       
,          
      
🌟

   
  

  
 , , 

,  
, 

, 
, , 
2.

 
,  

 , 
 
👉  
          ,   
        
📖  
   14
             
   -  -     ,     -
 -   
  -  ,    ,    
 
,   
  
👉  
           
,  
    ,           


🌟     
     
         
     
 
          
🌍 
                 
   ,    -   ,    

               
,      
 ,       
   
-
IIL '       '      
        
:    : ,     
 
     ,  
  ,  ,
                
2.
  ,       (1556-1605)     
       ,  ,       
         
 -   , 
             ,  
        '  
            ,  "
         "       
,     
 
🌟        
  ,            
   ,   -         
    (       ) --  
         ,      
             -  

         |' 
     
                -   
         :
 
 
        :
   
 
   
    ,     '  
     
  ,      
     ,
           '   :
2.
 
 
   
    , ,   
  
 ;         
     
      ,    ,   
       :
   
  
    
   
           
   
    '    -          :
  
 
 
,  ,              
  
     
    
;            
    :


            
2.
    
           
     :




         
   
       '    ,     
  :
   - 
  
    
      
🎨 : "          "
           "      
   "     ,       

 
🌊    
 ,                 
 
  
            
  
      ,      
  '                 
             
      
2.
  
  ,        
    :
    
  
  
  -
      
 
 
   
;            
  :
    
  
  
       '   
      
 
  -
      ,     '    '    ,
       ,        , 
   
          -   
      
   
, ,              
         
 
 
2.
   - 
:
     
  
    
   
      
 
🏆  
 
       
;     :
    
 
        
      
   ,        
  

             
,            "
         "        

  - , ,       
, 
 
 '   ,            

IV.            '  
:🌟-
             ,   
(1605–1627)  ,       '    
   ,           '   ,
    ,       
              
2.
,                   

 
👉  :           , 
,      
          
                 
🌟     
1.   
           
  ,       
,          
👉       ,     

2.   
    ,     '  
, ,       -    
  
          
3.      
       ,      
   ,     ,   , ,  

            
🌟 :   ?
              
       ,    ()       
      ,      
   
👉     
  -       
           
🌟      
2.
1.  
      '     
   ,     ,      
   -  ,   -  
     ,        
2.  
:           

:       ,       
 
:     ' ,   '   
 :     
 ,       
 
3. 
        
 -       
         
 
           
🌟   
 ?
1.   
     '    
  -  , ,  

      ,         

 
2.     
       ,      
 
      ,       
3.    
     '    
 
             
🌟      
2.
     ,         
  :
1.  :,         
2.  :       ,  
  
3.  :,     ,   -
4.   :      
5. :            
📖  
        ,       
    ,         
      ,  ,       
      ,       
    
 
-            
 
👉  
            
, 
   
🌟  
               
            
 
        -     ,   
  
📊 

   
   

, ,  
  , 

 +  
 ,  

,  
 , 

 
     
🌍 
     ,        
        
       
    ,   
  
    
,           
 
2.
-
V.        ? '     '  
  
:      '  '  
 
      ,     ,   
              
,         , "   "  
  ,           
        ,     ,  
  ,              
   
            (1748–1757)
          
,        
   ,            
           ,    ,
          
                 ,
   ,     ,         
     ,      
;  
      
      
               
      
    -   
 :
1.  
2.
   ,   '  
   ,   
   
   ,       
          -   
2.    
              :
,  
, 
,   
, ,           
 ,  
   
     ,  
  
 -   

3.    
 ,              
 ,           
;   
   
4.    
     
 :
    ()  
      
 , , ,   
        
 
5.    
      :
2.
  
   

          
   
;     
6.   
  
 
  :
 
 


       ,      

7.     
              -,
     ,        
 
      -     
          
              
  ,            
                 
             
    
?
1.     
  ,  ,  ,        
     
2.
2.  
  ,     ,    
   ,     
 
3.  
      
   ,   

  -         
4.  
         ,       
5.    
 ,           ,   
   
 
6.     
  
,               
,     

             
    ,  ,  ,   
         "     "  
   ,            
       
 -   ,    
 
    ,         
           ,    ,
  ,       
VI.      '   
:🌟-
             
 -            
                
      ,        
        
2.
👉  : ,    ,        
    ,  
         
  
🌟  
    ,          
 
        ,  ,      
,           ,    
 
          ,    ,
      
👉        ,           
 
🌟    
1.  
 ,                
       ,          
2.   
      ,   '  ,   
           
        ,  ,        
👉     
 -     
3.    ' 
       
     '     
      ,      
 
    , ,    -      
👉             : ,   ,
     
4.     
-   ,    
2.
  ,     ,       
  
          
5.   
       
              
,   ,     
   ,   ,     
🌟   
1.     
              
2.   
     
        ,
    
 
3.     
  
              
   
 
4.  
   ,   
 
              
  
         
🌟   
   ,         :
 :   '          
  
 :       '   
 
  :          

  :          
 
2.
👉            ,   
  
 
📖   
   
      
        '
       ,          
-           
 ,   , ,   
  
  ,        , 
   
,    ' ,          ,   
,            
,      

👉            
  -  ,
        
🌟  
1. :        
 
2. :             
3.  :        
4.  :          
 
📊 


 
    

 
  
    
  
   
🌍 
             -      

         ,      , 
             ,    
   
   
     : , ,  
    
2.
-
VIL   '  :
()     
()   
:(a)  -    
         ,       
       ,   ,       

             " 
 "      
             
     ,        
   ,       '    -   
 ,   ,        
 
 :
    ,      
   ,     
        
 
  ,     
  
              
 ; 
            ,  
   
             
;  ,
    
 
      ,  ,      ,
               
        
        
 ,            
      :
    
         
      
2.
 ,   "  "     
;  ,
          
()   
        -    
,  ,   
 "  " (         )   '
        '   
   ,          
        ,     ,   
     '  ,    ,   
     ',            
,      
         
  
  '  :
    ,  
 ,     ,      
       
      ,       
    
          
       -   -     '  
               , ,
        ,         ,
   '           ,  ,  
    
      
:
    
  -  '    
 
        ,       

            


           
 
       , "  "  :
2.
  
 '  -
    ,   
    
   "   " ,    
 ,
 "  " , ,     
    , 
        
  -       
  

       ,    

 
          
  -
, ,   
 
     , ,        
    
 
 ,    
   ,    

 
           -   , 
,             

8.            ?
:🎨       
🌟-
         (17
-19
)  -  ,
          
   
    
,       ,    
         
👉       
2.
🌟 
 (18
   ): (  )    
    -       
     
  (18
     ):   ,  

'      (1775–1823)     ' ,  
     
👉       ,         
🌟   
1.  :
o      
o ,  ,       ' 
2. :
o  ,         
o  ,  
3. :
o        
o    
4. :
o  ,  
5. :
o ,  , 
👉             ,
       
🌟   
1.  :
o  ()   ( ) ' 
o -   ,      
2. :
o  , ,  
o     - , , 
3. :
o   ,  ,   
o       ,  
 
4. :
o ,  , , 
o   ,    
2.
5. :
o , ,  
👉   '     , , 
   
🌟   


 

18
   ,  
18
  -,  

  
'   , 
  

 ,   ,
 
 ,  , 


 , , 
- , ,  

, 
,  , 

, 
, ,  

, 
,  , 
📖  
    :           
     ,         

       , ,      
          -   ,    
,   
    
👉     :   ,    
🌟   
:   -  ,    

:   ' ,     
   
  ,             

 
🌍 
2.
    ,   -     
        ,  ,   
  
"              
 
       ,       
 "